BiotechIntellect

Hydroxyapatite is a biocompatible calcium phosphate mineral with extensive applications in bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This study investigated the probable molecular mechanism of bacterial hydroxyapatite biosynthesis and evaluated the predicted interaction of hydroxyapatite with an osteogenic marker protein using in silico approaches. Molecular docking was performed using Molegro Virtual Docker, and protein–protein interactions were analyzed using the STRING database. Tricalcium phosphate showed favorable interactions with the Bacillus membrane proteins YtaF and alkaline phosphatase (PhoD), with binding energies of −105.096 and −110.086 kcal/mol, respectively. STRING analysis suggested a functional association between YtaF and proteins involved in alkaline phosphatase regulation, supporting a putative biomineralization pathway. Docking analysis of osteogenic compounds revealed that hydroxyapatite exhibited the strongest predicted interaction with alkaline phosphatase (−147.45 kcal/mol), followed by dexamethasone, β-glycerophosphate, and ascorbic acid. These findings provide a hypothetical framework for bacterial hydroxyapatite formation and suggest potential molecular interactions between hydroxyapatite and osteogenic pathways. Experimental validation is required to confirm these predictions.

Biodegradable Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), produced by bacteria, are a solid alternative to native plastic. However, in the archaea domain, some members of the haloarchaea genera have been identified as PHAs producers. In the present study, we selected Halarchaeum acidiphilum strain and optimized it for PHB production.

We isolated the Halarchaeum acidiphilum strain from the Lut desert of Iran and performed Sudan black stain and UV absorption of crotonic acid. The results showed that the strain produced PHA in the medium containing 12.5% sodium chloride and pH equal to 7.6 at 37°C at the stationary phase. The PHA was extracted in sterile water, and the Physico-chemical analysis of PHA was detected by FTIR and ¹HNMR test, which approved the ester structure and the efficiency was almost 71%.

The use of haloarchaea in the production of PHA has advantages such as no need for sterile conditions, simple raw materials, and fast lysis of bacteria in the absence of salt, which help the processes of the economic cycle of PHAs extraction.

Background and Objective: Chitin and its hydrolyzing enzyme, chitinase, are produced by a variety of organisms and microorganisms. Production chitinase with Archaea are more concern today, for easy to extraction and contamination control. Therefor in this research the production of this enzyme is reported by Archaea.

Materials and Methods: 60 samples were collected from different saline areas of Iran and then enrichment and qualitative screening were performed to isolate chitinase-producing archaea. The selected strain was identified biochemically and molecularly and its optimal growth conditions were determined.

Results: Halophilic Archaea strains were isolated on chitin as the only sources of carbon for chitinase-producing archaeal strains. The result showed, a pink colony strain from Lake Urmia with chitinase activities of 5.1875 IU/ml was selected for maximum enzyme production and identified as Haloferax mediterranei by PCR reaction test. The enzyme was concentrated and partial extracted.

Conclusion: Enzyme production from archaea can be useful for industries. The hydrolysis of chitin, the second biopolymer after cellulose, which also leaves a lot of waste every year, is of great importance, therefore, with high chitinase activity from haloarchaea, it can be used in industry without bacterial contamination science this microorganism is stable only in high salt solution.

Purpose: In this review, we focus specifically on dipeptides and cyclic dipeptides derived from Streptomyces, exploring their structural diversity, biosynthesis pathways, and potential therapeutic applications.

Methods: This review is prepared with collection of many literatures about antimicrobial peptides from Streptomyces.

Results: Streptomyces are prolific producers of secondary metabolites and antibiotics, contributing significantly to pharmacology and industry fields. They are widely distributed in various environments. These gram-positive strains are generally non-pathogenic. While many antibiotics originate from Streptomyces, ongoing research continues to unveil novel metabolites with diverse biological activities, including anticancer, antibacterial properties, and others whose functions remain undiscovered. Some of these peptides like albonoursin and alahopsin are self-assembled dipeptides.

Conclusion: Application, design and engineering of dipeptides and cyclic dipeptides from Streptomyces could be a novel method in development of therapeutic purposes, especially for reduction of human toxicity.

Purpose and aim: Bacillus spp. is particularly important among probiotic microorganisms due to its resistance to extreme conditions. Bacillus coagulans, producing coagulin is a probiotic bacteria used in food products. This study aimed to genetically identify bacteriocins in B. coagulans IBRC-M 10807.

Method: The agar-well diffusion method was used to examine the antimicrobial property of the 24-hour crude supernatant. The heat and storage resistance of the crude supernatant was studied, and the HPLC technique was utilized to analyze its percentage of amino acids. Finally, the PCR method detected the presence of coagulin, subtilin, and subtilosin genes.

Results and conclusion: The results showed the antimicrobial properties of the CS against gram-positive/gram-negative bacteria. The best storage condition for the CS was -20 °C for 4 weeks, and it was resistant to <50 °C for 30 minutes. Furthermore, the artificial medium in this study with similar efficiency and a lower price, was valuable compared to the other two commercial media. PCR results showed the presence of a 3000-3500 bp band related to coagulin (observed only after plasmid extraction) and a 250-300 bp band related to subtilosin after sequencing. The sequence of the subtilosin band had 100% identity with the B. subtilis strain L4 subtilosin (albA) gene. These broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, and their relative resistance to temperature and storage, make this strain a valuable candidate for use in probiotic products.

Background and Objective: Fermentation-derived fats and oils have emerged as sustainable alternatives to conventional animal and plant lipids. Oleaginous microorganisms, including yeasts, fungi, and algae, can accumulate triacylglycerols with structures similar to vegetable oils and animal fats. Advances in precision fermentation now enable tailoring of lipid profiles for nutritional and functional purposes. This review aims to examine recent progress in microbial fat production, highlight applications, and identify remaining barriers to mainstream adoption.

Search Strategy: This review synthesizes findings from recent peer-reviewed literature, focusing on strain engineering, bioprocess optimization, downstream lipid recovery, and post-fermentation modifications. Special emphasis is placed on technological innovations, regulatory considerations, and consumer perception to provide a holistic understanding of fermentation-derived fats.

Results and Conclusion: Fermentation-enabled fats demonstrate significant potential in applications such as cocoa butter equivalents, palm oil substitutes, and animal-fat analogs for plant-based meats and dairy products. These fats provide improved texture, oxidative stability, and nutritional benefits compared with traditional lipids, supported by advances in engineered yeasts, microbial oils with healthier fatty acid profiles, and pilot-scale demonstrations from industry. Nonetheless, challenges in cost reduction, scalability, regulatory approval, and consumer acceptance persist. Collectively, progress in metabolic engineering, process optimization, and post-fermentation strategies is paving the way for microbial fats to become viable, sustainable, and functional ingredients in mainstream food systems.

Tuberculosis (TB) persists as a formidable global health challenge, characterized by high rates of post-treatment recurrence, relapse, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, which remain inadequately predicted by conventional sputum-based, radiographic, and immunological biomarkers. Emerging evidence underscores the gut microbiome as a pivotal, yet underexploited, modulator of TB therapeutic outcomes, wherein Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection and protracted antimicrobial regimens induce enduring intestinal dysbiosis. This perturbation alters systemic immunity, modulates xenobiotic metabolism, and compromises host resilience against reinfection. Insights from prospective human cohorts in high-burden settings, complemented by murine, non-human primate, and gnotobiotic models, consistently implicate depleted short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing taxa (e.g., Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae) and enriched pathobionts (e.g., Proteobacteria, Fusobacterium) in the progression from latency to active disease, therapeutic failure, and recurrent TB. Multi-omics integrations, encompassing metagenomics, metabolomics, and host transcriptomics, reveal that composite microbial-metabolite signatures outperform single-taxon analyses in prognosticating relapse and resistance, though validation across heterogeneous populations and clinical workflows is nascent. Machine learning algorithms and network analyses applied to these datasets herald the development of microbiome-derived risk indices and poly-marker panels, albeit constrained by inconsistencies in sampling, bioinformatics pipelines, and endpoint definitions. Critically, the gut microbiome emerges not only as a non-invasive prognostic reservoir but also as a tractable therapeutic locus, with interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and precision microbiota engineering poised to augment TB risk stratification, mitigate recurrence, and curb antimicrobial resistance dissemination.

Abstract

Background and Objective: Microalgae, such as Chlorella (C.) vulgaris and Spirulina (S.) platensis, are rich sources of bioactive compounds, including proteins, polyphenols, carotenoids, and essential fatty acids, which can enhance the nutritional and functional profiles of beverages. This study aimed to extract ethanolic and hydro-ethanolic extracts from C. vulgaris and S. platensis, evaluate their functional properties, and develop a consumer-acceptable functional beverage.

Materials and Methods: The nutritional composition (protein, lipid, and mineral content) of the microalgae was determined. Both ethanolic and hydro-ethanolic extracts were prepared, and their antioxidant activities were analyzed using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, alongside the determination of total phenolic content (TPC). For beverage formulation, varying concentrations (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) of the extracts were incorporated, followed by sensory evaluation. Physical and chemical parameters, including Brix, pH, titratable acidity, reducing sugars, sucrose, ethyl alcohol, and formol number, were measured for the optimized formulations.

Results: The hydro-ethanolic extracts exhibited significantly higher antioxidant activity and phenolic content compared to the ethanolic extracts. S. platensis showed higher protein and lipid contents, while C. vulgaris was superior in mineral composition. Sensory analysis revealed that the beverage containing 0.5% of the microalgal extract mixture achieved the highest consumer acceptance. The optimized formulations maintained acceptable physicochemical properties and high sensory scores.

Conclusion: The hydro-ethanolic extracts of Chlorella and Spirulina serve as potent natural antioxidant sources for functional beverage production. This study demonstrates that incorporating these microalgal extracts can result in a beverage with enhanced nutritional value and high bioactivity without compromising consumer acceptability.